English Verbs -- ISBN
Kaso
Verb Conjugation System
700 plus verbs completely conjugated
By Adolph Caso
Branden Books
Boston
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© 2005 by Branden Publishing Company
English Verbs: ISBN
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Contents
A General observations (Read only file)
1.Introduction 4
2.Subject or personal pronouns—peculiarities 5
3.Conjugations—Italian verbs 7
4.Reflexives 8
5.Regular verbs 9
6.Irregular verbs—Intransitive, Transitive, Progressive 10
7.Voice—Active or Passive 12
8.Auxiliary or helping verbs 13
9.Imperative or Command forms 17
10.Gerunds and present participles 19
a) In present tenses
b) In past tenses
c) In future tenses
11. Past participles 23
12. The subjunctive24
13. List of irregular past participles 26
B Conjugation—(searchable files)
Note: The aim of the following presentation is to show how verb conjugation differs in English and in Italian.
1. Introduction
Verb conjugation in most languages is both complex and bewildering. Those who have studied Latin know its importance. Although that importance has diminished in English, when it comes to the Romance languages, verb conjugation remains a stumbling block. For English, however, on one hand verb conjugation is made easy when dealing with regular verbs; on the other hand it is made chaotic when dealing with irregular verbs.
With the Kaso Verb Conjugation System, we propose to conjugate most of the difficult verbs in three forms: in English, in a foreign language, and in English with a foreign language side by side—all instantly searchable in either a single language or in automatically translated two languages. The answers to your perplexed questions, therefore, immediately become clear!
Do you have questions about a specific Infinitive? Type it in the space provided, and you will get all of the derivative verb forms such as the subject pronouns, participles, simple tenses, compound tenses, and the subjunctive.
Do you know a verb form and not know its tense? Type it in the space provided and you will get its entire six-part conjugation.
Do you know a verb in one language and not the other? Type it in the space provided and you will presently get it in English and Italian, and, forthcoming, in English and Spanish, English and Portuguese, etc.
Do you need the conjugation of a verb not on our list, type it in the space provided, click on send, and we will make the conjugation available in no time!
The Kaso Verb Conjugation System is available as a download or as a CD. It can be an active file in your computer, ready to respond to and to your verb needs with quick, efficient, and timely information.
2. Subject or Personal pronouns--peculiarities
The difference between subject and personal pronouns may be in their use. If pronouns are used by themselves—i.e., not used as subjects of verbs, they are identified as personal. If they are used with verbs—i.e., in forming a tense with the pronoun being its subject (he reads; they read), they are identified as subject pronouns.
In English as in Italian, subject or personal pronouns represent peculiarities that are very dissimilar in each language.
English:
In the Kaso Verb Conjugation System, pronouns are presented in two formats:
1. As personal pronouns in a column by themselves and shown
in this scheme: I, you, he (she it),and, we, you, they.
2. As subject pronouns before verb forms and shown
in this scheme: I, you, he, and, we, you, they.
Note: you can search on any personal pronoun by itself, or on any subject pronoun and succeeding verb.
English has the problem of the pronoun you, because it is singular and plural, masculine and feminine at the same time. To know what you stands for, one has to have previous antecedent information.
The situation is not as bad with the pronoun they. We know t is the plural of either he, she,or, it, but we do not know its gender derivation.
Italian:
In Italian, the subject pronouns are not regularly used with verb forms, as explained below. The personal pronouns dominate, however, and the problem is twofold: grammatical and social.
Grammatically, subject pronouns need not be specified in that the verbs are conjugated with specific endings that identify the antecedent subjects. In daily usage, however, the second and third person singular and plural personal pronouns carry specific social messages.
The tu (you), for example, is used among close friends and relations. Its plural, voi (you), conforms to the same observation. The same thing can be said for the first person singular and plural: io (I), noi (we).
For look-up purposes, the singular third person personal pronouns, egli (he), ella (he, she, you), esso (it), lui (he), and lei (he, she you) are consolidated into lei; their plurals, essi, esse and, loro are consolidated into, loro.
The third person pronouns, both singular and plural, represent some veritable difficulties for Americans whose English ancestors did away with the special pronoun, thou. In a sense, modern Italians have retained that concept. However, changes are coming.
Presently, Italian pronouns are going through a phase wherein third person singular pronouns may be replaced by lei, and the plural may be replaced by loro. In our Verb Conjugation System, we are proposing to do away with the outdated system of using pronouns to indicate social status. As pronouns take the place of nouns, let them stand for gender and number only and not be concerned with the social status of individuals.
3. Conjugations
Verbs are based on infinitives, and these command the kind of conjugation.
In Italian, verbs fall into three conjugations and are for the most part regular; in English, verbs fall into one conjugation and are for the most part irregular. In both languages, infinitives dictate the conjugations. In English, the infinitives are constant in that they have one form: to be (essere), to have (avere), to depart (partire), to love (amare), etc.
In Italian, the infinitives have three forms:
First conjugation infinitives end in are—amare (to love).
Second conjugation infinites end in ere—vendere (to sell).
Third conjugation infinites end in ire—partire (to depart).
Many verbs are conjugated both as transitive and intransitive, depending on the existence of direct or indirect objects. In the Kaso Verb Conjugation System, verbs having this duality are identified in the column dedicated to the Past Participle. These verbs are conjugated either with essere or avere. When in doubt, refer to this column listing the past partciples for verification.
4. Reflexives
In English, verbs can be rendered reflexive through the use of reflexive pronouns such as myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. In Italian, they are rendered through the corresponding pronouns, mi ti si ci vi si. Note that in English, there are three forms for the third person singular; in Italian, the si stands for himself, herself, itself and for themselves,
In reflexive verbs, the action goes to the subject. In Italian, when the past participle is used, it has to agree in gender and number with the subject. Reflexives can be applied for any tense.
Examples:
Narcissus loves himself.
Narcisio si ama.
Actors admire themselves.
Gli attori si ammirano.
The politicians gave themselves a lot of praise.
I politicanti si sono elogiati.
I saw myself in the mirror and I.
Mi sono visto nello specchio e…
We beat ourself to death.
Ci siamo battuti fino alla morte.
The kids wash themselves.
I bambini si lavano.
The kids washed themselves.
I bambini si sono lavati.
Note: While in English the pronouns change their form, in Italian the participle changes its ending to agree with the subject.
In compound tenses, Italian uses essere and English uses to be as the auxiliary (helping) verbs. Note that in Italian, the past participle inflects.
Examples:
The politicians have given themselves a lot of praise.
I politicanti si sono dati molti elogi.
The boys will have prepared themselves for the exams.
I ragazzi si saranno ben preparati per gli esami.
The girls will have prepared themselves for the same exams.
Le ragazze si saranno preparate anche loro per gli esami.
Some boys have given themselves a ten-point advantage.
Alcuni ragazzi si sono dati un vantaggio di dieci punti
5. Verbs—Regular
Regular verbs are those which retain specific patterns when conjugated. These are the easiest to learn. English, unfortunately, has fewer regular verbs; Italian has more, but their conjugations are more difficult because of the issue of the relationship (in compound tenses) between the subject and the past participles. Regular verbs are regular when both the helping verbs and the past participles retain the same endings.
Examples:
Romeo has loved Juliet a long time.
Romeo ha amato Giulietta da molto tempo.
The squirrels have jumped the whole day.
Gli scoiattoli hanno saltato tutto il giorno.
He will have loved her with all his heart.
Lui l’avrà amata con tutto il cuore.
Note that in English and in Italian, the verbs to love, to jump etc. maintain given patterns: to love, loving, loved, loved; similarly in Italian: amare, amando, amato. It is these qualities that make verbs regular; when past participles change (drink > drunk, go > went) etc, it is these changes that make verbs irregular.
In Italian, past participles end in either o, ,i a, or, e and maintain these endings in all compound tenses. In English, the participles do not change in their endings; they change as whole words.
6. Verbs—Irregular
Most of the verbs in English are irregular; that is, those verbs, when conjugated, do not follow given consistent patterns. Their irregularity, however, is attenuated by simplicity in conjugation. For example, English has two auxiliary or helping verbs—to have for all regular conjugations, and to be for all progressive tense conjugations. Because participles do not inflect (i.e. their endings do not change), we need not worry about the problem of agreement between the subject and their corresponding verb forms.
Most of the verbs in Italian are regular; that is, those verbs, when conjugated, follow given consistent patterns. Their regularity, however, belies complexities which often defy simple explanations. For example, Italian has three auxiliary or helping verbs: avere used with transitive verbs, essere used with intransitive verbs, and stare used with progressive tense conjugations. In addition, many verbs are either transitive or intransitive. If they are transitive, avere has to be used and the participles do not inflect; if they are intransitive, essere has to be used and the participles inflect. Transitive past participles, however, do have to inflect if used with object pronouns. In Italian, stare is used to form the progressive tenses, and its gerund does not change its ending; in English, to be is used to form the progressive tenses, and its present participle does not change.
Examples—Intransitive:
Joan has gone home.
Giovanna è andata a casa.
Joan and Mary have gone home.
Giovanna e Maria sono andate a casa.
John has died.
Giovanni è morto.
John and Mary have arrived.
Giovanna e Maria sono arrivati.
A little girl has just arrived.
Una bambina è appena arrivata.
Note that, in Italian past participles agree with the subjects and that the auxiliary verb is from essere; in English, the participle retains the same form, and the auxiliary verb is from to have.
Examples—Transitive:
Anthony has read five books.
Antonio ha letto cinque libri.
Susan and Frances have sung two songs.
Susanna e Francesca hanno cantato due canzoni.
The boys have played their games.
I ragazzi hanno giocato le loro partite.
We’ve read three books per day.
Noi abbiamo letto tre libri per giorno.
The boys have seen the girls regularly.
I ragazzi hanno visto le ragazze regolarmente.
Note that both in English and in Italian, the past participles do not inflect.
Examples—Progressive:
We are drinking orangeade, presently!
Stiamo vevendo arangiata, presentemente!
The mice were eating the wheat.
I topi stavano mangiando il grano.
At eight, they were going home.
Alle otto, stavano andando a casa.
Note that the English present participle becomes the gerund an either inflects. English uses to be as the auxiliary and Italian uses stare.
7. Voice--Active or Passive
English and Italian have two ways to express voice: Active and Passive.
In the Active Voice, the subject creates the action; in the Passive Voice, the subject receives the action. Thus, many writers use the Active Voice to show assertion, command, etc., in contrast to the Passive Voice which implies weakness, passivity, etc.
The General gives the order to attack.
Il General da l’ordine di attaccare.
The order to attack is given by the General.
L’ordine d’attacco è dato dal Generale.
Casanova has loved many women.
Casanova ha amato molte donne.
Many women have been loved by Casanova.
Molte donne sono state amate da Casanova.
8. Auxiliary or Helping verbs
Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, i.e., verb forms that are used with other verb forms to create compound tenses.
Sarah has worked very hard. Sara ha lavorato molto forte.
Sarah has gone to work. Sara è andata a lavorare.
In English, to have is the virtual helping verb and is used both with transitive and intransitive verbs. In the future and conditional perfect tenses, however, English uses both to be and to have.
Examples:
Victoria will have gone to the beauty salon.
Vittoria sarà andata dal parrucchiere.
The ladies would have seen the thieves if they had been awake.
Le signore avrebbero visto i ladri se fossero state sveglie.
a) In Italian, there are two main auxiliary verbs, avere and essere.
Because avere shows possession (I have something. Io ho qualche cosa. She reads a book. Lei legge un libro.)--avere is transitive. The action passes from the subject to the object.
Because essere shows action (They have gone home. Sono andati a casa. We’ve been happy with your choice of school. Siamo stati contenti sulla tua scelta di scuola.)--essere is intransitive. The action stays with the subject.
Conjugated forms of avere and of essere, together with participles of other verbs, are used to form compound tenses.
If the participle is transitive, its auxiliary verb-form is from avere and the participle does not generally inflect—i.e., it does not have to agree in gender or number with the subject.
If the participle is intransitive, its auxiliary verb-form is from essere and the participle has to inflect—i.e., it has to agree in gender and in number with the subject.
We ate the cake.
Abbiamo mangiato la torta
They drank the water.
Hanno bevuto l’acqua.
Judith has read the book.
Giuditta ha letto il libro.
We’ve gone away for the summer.
Siamo andati via per l’estate.
They have left their apartment.
Sono partiti dal loro appartamento.
Judith has arrived and she’s home.
Giuditta è arrivata ed è a casa
b) A few verbs, however, can be used transitively or intransitively, depending on whether an object is used in the sentence.
In America, we say: It has snowed. In Italy, they say Ha nevicato. (It has made snow.), or, È nevicato. (It has snowed.)
Here are some verbs that can be transitive or intransitive: correre to run, migliorare to get better, vivere to live, salire to go up, cessare to stop, convenire to agree, piovere to rain, nevicare to snow.
Examples:
The actress has run a great risk in this show.
L’attrice ha corso un grande rischio in questo spettacolo.
The actress has run down the road like a mad woman.
L’attrice è corsa giù per la strada impazzita.
The health of the actress has improved a lot.
La salute dell’attrice è migliorata di molto.
The fans’ acceptance of the actress has improved.
L’accoglienza dell’attrice da parte dei suoi tifosi è migliorata.
The American actress has lived in Italy for two years.
L’attrice Americana è vissuta in Italia per due anni.
The actress has lived a great life in Italy.
L’asttrice ha vissuto (fatto) una grande vita in Italia.
The actress climbed the Saint Peter’s cupola many times.
L’attrice ha salito la cupola di San Pietro molte volte.
The actress climbed to the top with her last CD.
L’attrice è salita in cima con il suo ultimo CD.
The vagabond has stopped pursuing the actress.
Il vagabondo ha cessato di seguire l’attrice.
His pursuit has stopped.
Il suo inseguimento è cessato.
The actress agreed on the terms of her contract.
L’attrice ha convenuto i termini del suo contratto.
Her fans have gathered to honor her.
I suoi tifosi sono convenuti per onorarla
c) In Italian, there are several helping verbs used in idiomatic expressions, and derive from the following infinitives: stare to stay or to be, dare to give, andare to go, and, fare to do or to make.
stare to stay or to be is used to form the progressive tense:
We were about to leave when they arrived unexpectedly.
Stavamo lasciando casa quando arrivarono d’improvviso.
They’re talking about you and me.
Stanno parlando di me e di te.
Do not interrupt us; we’re working.
Non interrompere; stiamo lavorando.
dare to give:
The wall overlooks the beach.
Il muro dà sulla spiaggia.
With her falsetto, the singer gets on our nerves.
Con il suo falsetto, la cantante ci da ai nervi.
Under fire, the soldier took flight.
Sotto tiro, il soldato se la dette a gambe.
Daniela could have gotten the flue.
Può darsi che Daniela abbia preso l’influenza.
The actor’s jacket is striking.
La giacca dell’attore dà nell’occhio.
The granddaughter devotes a lot of time to her grandparents.
La nipotina si da da fare nei riguardi dei suoi nonni.
Tyrants never admit to defeat.
I tiranni non si danno mai per vinti.
It’s the boy that gone to her head, not the wine he’s drinking.
È il ragazzo che gli da alla testa, non il vino che sta bevendo.
The princess is giving them a wonderful welcome.
La principessa gli sta dando un magnifico benvenuto.
They attacked the enemy with wanton abandon.
Hanno dato addosso el nemico come niente fosse.
fare to become, to work:
The two sisters work as models for the magazine.
Le due sorelle fanno le modelle per la rivista.
Today, hardly any woman becomes a nun.
Oggi giorno quasi nessuna donna si fa sorella.
9. Imperatives or Command forms
In Italian, there are basically two types of command forms: the simple—deriving from the use of verb infinites, and the complex—deriving from the conjugated forms of verb infinites.
Simple forms of commands:
More and more, Italians are using the simple infinitive for their commands, replacing the many other forms derived from conjugated forms.
Do not smoke. Non fumare.
Drink the milk. Bere il latte.
No entrance allowed. Vietato entrare.
Do not enter. Non entrare.
Sleep well.Dormire bene.
Do not walk the road. Non camminare la strada.
Walk slowly. Camminare lentamente.
Note: This simple command form is neither masculine nor feminine, neither singular nor plural. It is neutral and easy to use. Because the command can only be given to the person in front of you, or the one you are addressing, there cannot be doubt as to who is receiving your command. Thus, the simple form is the least confusing and, therefore, easy to use. It is also the most democratic form in that the social status of one’s individual does not come into play.
Complex forms of the imperative:
Traditionally, Italians derive their command forms from the second and third person singular and plural, and the difference in use is related to the social status of the person receiving the command. Americans, on the other hand, derive it only from the second person singular (or plural), and do not pay attention to the social status of the person receiving the command.
Furthermore, Italians also use forms from the subjunctive, but Americans do not. Because of their use of the subjunctive, Italians further complicated the imperative because many of the verbs are irregular and require changes that often just have to be memorized. (When in doubt, refer to the section on conjugated verbs).
Indicative Subjunctive
Sit down! Siedi! Sedetevi! Sieda! Siedano!
Go out! Esci! Uscite! Esca! Escano!
Stay here! Stai qua! State qua! Stia qua! Stiano qua!
Come here! Vieni qua! Venite qua! Venga qua! Vengano qua!
Choose! Scegli! Scegliete! Scelga! Scelgano!
Examples:
Take this, you dirty scoundrel!
Prendi questo, brutto mascalzone!
Take this, you dirty scoundrel!
Prenda questo, brutto mascalzone!
Take this, you dirty scoundrels!
Prendete questo, brutti mascalzoni!
Take this, you dirty scoundrels!
Prendano questo, brutti masclazoni!
10. Gerunds and present participles--
Gerunds are verb-forms used mainly with helping verb-forms to show action in progress; thus, the progressive tense.
There is always some confusion between the form and role of gerunds and present participles. In the progressive tenses, English uses the present participle--being, reading, etc. Italian, on the other hand, uses the gerund—essendo, leggengo, etc. and not the present participle which ends in te—essente, leggente; these really become nouns. Lover becomes amante.
I am writing. You are eating. They are leaving.
Sto scrivendo. Stai mangiando. Stanno partendo.
a) In present tenses:
In Italian, present tense gerunds are formed by adding –ando, or --endo to infinitives. Note that –ando is added to first conjugation infinitives while –endo is added to second and third conjugation infinitives, and they do not inflect--i.e. they do not change their endings.
Infinitive Gerund Infinitivo Gerundio
to eat eating mangiare mangiando
to write writing scrivere scrivendo
to open opening aprire aprendo
to make making fare facendo*
*irregular
Leave me alone; I’m eating!
Lascimi stare; sto mangiando!
The boys are writing love letters for their girlfriends.
I ragazzi stanno scrivendo lettere d’amore alle loro ragazze.
Mary is opening today’s mail.
Maria sta aprendo la posta d’oggi.
Margaret is making progress in pronouncing Italian.
Margherita sta facendo grandi passi nella pronuncia dell’italiano.
Her lover knows nothing about love.
L’mante on sa niente dell’amore.
b) In past tenses:
In Italian, present tense gerunds followed by past participles become past gerunds. However, when dealing with past participles, one needs to remember that they inflect if intransitive—they have to agree in gender and number with the subject. They do not inflect when they are transitive, except when they are preceded by object pronouns. In that case, the participles inflect; i.e. they have to agree with those pronouns in gender and number.
Infinitive Gerund Past Participle
to sing singing sung
to go went gone
to arrive arriving arrived
to finish finished finished
to sell selling sold
to live living lived
Infinitivo Gerundio Participio Passato
cantare cantando cantato ( i, a, e)
andare andando andato i, a, e
arrivare arrivnado arrivato i, a, e
finire finendo finito (i, a, e)
vendere vendendo venduto (i, a, e)
vivere vivendo vissuto (i, a, e)
Note: Some past participles are irregular; others are both transitive and intransitive. Remember: transitive participles inflect if preceded by object pronouns--(in parenthesis above).
Examples:
Having sung a rare aria, the diva is (now) resting.
Avendo cantato un’ aria rara, la diva (ora) si sta riposando.
Having sung it well, the tenor is receiving a great applause.
Avendola cantata bene, il tenore sta ricevendo un forte applauso.
Having gone to the pool, they are (now) swimming.
Essendo andati alla piscina, (ora) stanno nuotando.
Having arrived late, finally they’re excusing themselves.
Essendo arrivati tardi, fianlmente si stanno scusando.
Having finished his homework, Anthony is playing his violin.
Avendo finito i suoi compiti, Antonio sta suonando il suo violino.
Having sold the gold, the merchant is now selling silver.
Avendo venduto l’oro, il mercante sta vendendo argento.
Being rich, Americans are (now) turning to the arts.
Essendo ricchi, gli americani stanno miranto alle arti.
Having lived in America, she is now moving back to Italy.
Essendo vissuta in America, ora sta ritornando in Italia.
c. In future tenses:
In Italian, future progressive tenses are formed with the future of the helping verb stare followed by appropriate gerunds. It projects an action, or activity, as if it were taking place in the present. In other words, it describes the future as though it were happening in the present--a technique especially liked by writers of fiction.
Examples:
At ten o’clock, I will be landing at Boston’s Logan Airport.
Alle dieci, starò atterrando all’Aereoporto Logan di Boston.
On the fifth of May, we will still be working on our report.
Il cinque maggio staremo ancora lavorando sulla nostra relazione.
11. Past participles
Participles, often referred to as verbal adjectives, are verb forms usually used in conjunction with helping verb forms in compound tenses, i.e. present perfect tense, future perfect, and other similarly formed tenses. Past participles are either transitive or intransitive.
If intransitive, they inflect, i.e. they agree in gender and number with the subject.
If transitive, they do not inflect unless preceded by an object pronoun, in which case they inflect, i.e. they agree in gender and number with the object pronoun.
Italian has three verb conjugations and their past participles are formed from infinitives as follows:
First conjugation infinitives: ...are > …ato
amare > amato; mangiare > mangiato
portare > portato; andare > andato
Second conjugation infinitives: …ere > …uto
Vendere > venduto; vedere > veduto
Avere > avuto; sedere > seduto
Third conjugation infinitives: …ire > ito
finire > finito; dormire > dormito
punire > punito; vestire > vestito
The above patterns apply to regularly conjugated verbs.
Because many verbs are irregular, their past participles may also be irregular, and some of them may need to be memorized.
The list of infinitives below includes transitive and intransitive regular and irregular past participles. Remember that those which end in o, i, a, e inflect because they are intransitive.
12. Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is hardly a problem for English language users; it presents real hurdles for Romance language users and particularly so for Italian.
English has replaced the Subjunctive with the Indicative and, except for style, the replacement has not created confusion. In view of this achievement, it is a wonder, nevertheless, that English has remnants of the useless Subjunctive.
Examples:
If I were (was) young, I would do the same things over again. Se io fossi (ero) giovane, rifarei le stesse cose.
That we do our lessons on time has always been our obsession. Che noi facciamo le lezioni a tempo giusto è stata sempre la nostra ossessione.
Note: In the first example, the correct subjunctive form is followed by the incorrect one (in parenthesis). Using the incorrect form actually would deliver a clearer message than the correct one, because the correct form is strange, and there is no need for it. English, therefore, ought to eliminate the use of the Subjunctive altogether; Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and French ought to follow suit.
In the second example, the subjunctive forms are already the same as the Indicative; yet, the message is made clear through words connected to the use of the Subjunctive such as that, if, che, se, etc
Some specific uses of the Subjunctive:
a)To show doubt:
I doubt that Mario were (was) in school yesterday. Dubito che Mario sia (era) a scuola ieri.
b)To express opinions:
We believe that it is not possible to swim in the river. Non crediamo che sia possible nuotare nel fiume.
c)To show preference:
I prefer that you learn these verbs as soon as possible. Preferisco the tu impari questi verbi al più presto possibile.
d)To show fear:
The feared that you were dead! Avevano paura che tu fossi morto!
e)To show command:
I want you to give her that map. Voglio che tu le dia quella mappa.
f)To show desire:
The girls desire that we come to an agreement with them. Le ragazze desiderano che ci mettiamo d’accordo con loro.
g)In making exclamations:
If she were honest! Fosse onesta!
The Subjunctive is also used in various types of subordinate clauses.
13. List of popular participles
in English and Italian
(Note: some verbs can be both transitive or intransitive):
to absolve → absolved assolvere → assolto
to ache → ached dolere → doluto-i a e
to add on → added on soggiungere → soggiunto
to add to → added to aggiungere → aggiunto
to admit → admitted ammettere → ammesso
to advance → advanced avanzare → avanzato
to afflict → afflicted affliggere → afflitto
to age → aged invecchiare → invecchiato-i a e to agree → agreed convenire → convenuto-i a e
to allude → alluded alludere → alluso
to amount → amounted ammontare → ammontato
to annex → annexed annettere → annesso
to anoint → anointed ungere → unto
to answer → answered rispondere → risposto
to appear → appeared apparire → apparso- i a e
to appear → appeared comparire → camparito-i a e
to arrive → arrived arrivare → arrivato-i a e
to arrive at → arrived at pervenire → pervenuto-i a e
to ask → asked chiedere → chiesto
to assist → assisted soccorrere → soccorso
to assist → assisted assistere → assistito
to assume → assumed assumere → assunto
to be been essere stato-i a e
to be able → have been able potere → potuto
to beat over → beaten over ripercuotere → ripercosso
to be born → born nascere → nato- i a e
to become → become divnire → divenuto-i a e
to become rich become rich arricchire → arricchito-i a e
to become numb become numb addierare assiderato-i a e
to begin → begun iniziare → iniziato
to beguile → beguiled illudere → illuso
to be silent → been silent tacere → taciuto
to be sorry → been sorry rincrescere → rincresciuto-i a e
to bet → bet scommettere → scommesso
to be worth → been worth valere → valso
to become → become divenire → divenuto- i a e
to be silent → been silent ammutolire → ammutolito-i a e
to be used to → been used to solere → solito-i a e
to bite → bitten mordere → morso
to blacken → blackened annerire → annerito o-i a e
to blaze → blazed avvampare → avvvampato-i a e
to bless → blessed benedire → benedetto
to blush → blushed arrossire → arrossito-i a e
to break → broken rompere → rotto
to break → broken frangere → fratto
to break in → broken in irrompere → irrotto
to burn → burnt ardere → arso
to burst → burst crepare → crepato-i a e
to burst → burst scoppiare → scoppiato-i a e
to burst out → burst out prorompere → prorotto
to burst out → burst out scoccare → scoccato
to bury → buried seppellire → sepolto
to cash in → cashed in riscuotere → riscosso
to cast → cast fondere → fuso
to catch up → caught up sopraggiundere soprag-
giunto-i a e
to cease → ceased smettere → smesso
to choose → chosen presciegliere → prescielto
to climb → climbed salire → salito-i a e
to climb → climbed salire → salito
to close → closed chiudere → chiuso
to come → come venire → venuto- i a e
to commit → committed commettere → commesso
to come → come venire → venuto- i a e
to come out → come out sbucare → sbucato-i a e
to compare → compared comparire → comparso
to compose → composed comporre → composto
to comprehend comprehended comprendere → appreso
to compress → compressed comprimere → compresso
to concede → conceded concedere → concesso
to confound → confounded confondere → confuse
to conclude → concluded conchiudere → conchiuso
to consist → consisted consistere → consistito-i a e
to consume → consumed struggere → strutto
to contort → contorted scontorcere → scontorto
to convince → convinced convincere → convinto
to cook → cooked cuocere → cotto
to cost → costed costare → costato-i a e
to cover again → covered again ricoprire → ricoperto
to cure → cured curare → curato
to cure → cured guarire → guarito
to curse → cursed maledire → maledetto
to cut → cut incidere → inciso
to cut → cut recidere → reciso
to daze → dazed stordire → stordito-i a e
to decrease → decreased decrescere → decresciuto-i a
to decay → decayed decaduto → decaduto-i a e
to decide → decided decidere → deciso
to decrease → decreased decrescere → decresciuto-i a
to deduce → deduced dedurre → dedotto
to defeat → defeated sconfiggere → sconfitto
to defend → defended difendere → difeso
to delude → deluded deludere → deluso
to detain → detained trattenere → trattenuto
to deny → denied sconoscere → sconosciuto
to depend → depended dipendere → dipeso
to depose → deposed deporre → deposto
to depress → depressed deprimere → depresso
to deride → derided deridere → deriso
to derive → derived derivare → derivato
to describe → described descrivere → descritto
to descend → descended discendere → disceso-i a e
to descend → descended scendere → sceso-i a e
to desist → desisted ristare → ristato-i a e
to destroy → destroyed distruggere → distrutto
to die → died morire → morto- i a e
to diffuse → diffused diffondere → diffuso
to direct → directed dirigere → diretto
to disappear → disappeared scomparire → scomparso-i a e
to disappear → disappeared sparire → sparso-i a e
to disappoint → disappointed disilludere → disilluso
to disarrange → disarranged scomporre → scomposto
to disclose → disclosed dischiudere → dischiuso
to disconnect → disconnected sconnettere → sconnesso
to discover → discovered scoprire → scoperto
to discuss → discussed discutere → discusso
to disjoin → disjoined disgiungere → disgiunto
to dismount → dismounted smontare → smontato
to disperse → dispersed disperdere → disperso
to displease → displeased dispiacere → dispiaciuto
to displease → displeased spiacere → spiaciuto
to dispose → disposed disporre → disporto
to dissuade → dissuaded dissuadere → dissuaso
to distinguish → distinguished distinguere → distinto
to dissuade → dissuaded distogliere → distolto
to distract → distracted distrarre → distratto
to divide → divided dividere → diviso
to do → done fare → fatto
to do over → done over rifare → rifatto
to draw → drawn ritrarre → ritratto
to draw up →drawn up redigere → redatto
to drink → drunk bere → bevuto
to drive in → driven in configgere → confitto
to drown → drowned affogare → affogato
to dry → dried tergere → terso
to dye → dyed tingere → tinto
to earn → earned campare → campato
to elapse → elapsed deocrre → decorso-i a e
to elect → elected eleggere → eletto
to elide → elided elidere → eliso
to elude → eluded eludere → eluso
to emerge → emerged emergere → emerso- i e a
to emit → emitted emettere → emesso
to end → ended finire → finito
to enter → entered entrare → entrato-i a e
to erect → erected ergere → erto
to escape → escaped scappare → scappato-i a e
to even up → evened up equivalere → valso-i a e
to exact → exacted esigere → esato
to exclude → excluded escludere → esculso
to exist → existed esistere → esitito- i a e
to expel → expelled espellere → espulso
to explode → exploded esplodere → esploso- i a e
to expose → exposed esporre → esposto
to express → expressed esprimere → espresso
to extend → extended estendere → esteso
to extinguish → extinguished estinguere → estinto
to extinguish → extinguished spegnere → spento
to extract → extracted estrarre → estratto
to evade → evaded evadere → evaso- i a e
to fail → failed fallire → fallito-i a e
to faint → fainted svenire → svenuto-i a e
to fall → fallen cadere → caduto- i a e
to fall → fallen cascare → cascato-i a e
to fall again → fallen again ricadere → ricaduto-i a e
to fall due → fallen due scadere → scaduto-i a e
to fall to ruin → fallen to ruin rovinare → rovinato-i a e
to feign → feigned fingere → finto
to find again → found again rinvenire → rinvenuto-i a e
to fix → fixed figgere → fitto
to flash → flashed fulminare → fulminato
to flee → fled fuggire → fuggito-i a e
to flow → flowed scorrere → scorso-i a e
to flow in → flowed affluire → affluito-i a e
to foresee → foreseen prevedere → previsto
to forewarn → forewarned prevenire → prevenuto
to freeze → frozen gelare → gelato
to freeze → frozen ghiacciare → ghiacciato-i a e
to fry → fried friggere → fritto
to gather → gathered cogliere → colto
to gather → gathered raccogliere → raccolto
to get up → gotten up sorgere → sorto-i a e
to girt → girt cingere → cinto
to give aid → given aid sovvenire → sovvenuto-i a e
to give back → gave back rendere → reso
to go down → gone down discendere → disceso- i a e
to go down → gone down scendere → sceso
to go mad → mad impazzire → impazzito-i a e
to go out → gone out uscire → uscito-i a e
to gnaw → gnawed rodere → roso
to grow → grown crescere → cresciuto-i a e
to grow dark → grown dark imbrunire → imbrunito-i a e
to hail → hailed grandinare → grandinato
to hang → hung appendere → appeso
to hang over → hung sovrastare →sovrastato-i a e
to happen → happened accadere → accaduto-i a
to happen → happened capitare → capitato-i a e
to happen → happened succedere → successo
to happen → happened avvenire → avvenuto-i a e
to have → had avere → avuto
to have recourse had recourse ricorrere → rocorso
to hear → heard udire → udito
to hide → hidden nascondere → nascosto
to hint at → hinted at sottintendere → sottinteso
to hold → held tenere → tenuto
to hold up → held up sorreggere → sorretto
to hurt → hurt nuocere → nociuto
to immerse → immersed immergere → immerse
to import → imported importare → importato
to impose → imposed imporre → imposto
to imprint → imprinted imprimere → impresso
to improve → improved migliorare → migliorato
to include → included includere → incluso
to increase → increased aumentare → aumentato
to incur → incurred incorrere → incorso
to induce → induced indurre → indotto
to inflict → inflicted inferire → inferto
to inflict → inflicted infliggere → inflitto
to infuse → infused infondere → infuso
to inscribe → inscribed iscrivere → iscritto
to instruct → instructed istruire → istruito
to intercede → interceded intercedere → interdetto
to interdict → interdicted interdire → interdetto
to interpose → interposed frammettere → framesso
to interpose → interposed interporre → interposto
to interrupt → interrupted interrompere → interrotto
to intervene → intervened intervenire → intervenuto-i a e
to introduce → introduced introdurre → introdotto
to intrude → intruded intrudere → intruso-i a e
to invade → invaded invadere → invaso
to issue from → issued from provenire → provenuto-i a e
to kill → killed uccidere → ucciso
to know → known sapere → saputo
to lack → lacked mancare → mancato
to laugh → laughed ridere → riso
to lead → led condurre → condotto
to lean out → leaned out sporgere → sporto
to lie → lay giacere → giaciuto
to light (up) → lit accendere → acceso
to live → lived vivere → vissuto
to live → lived campare → campato
to live again → lived again rivivere → rivissuto-i e
to loosen → loosened sciogliere → sciolto
to lose → lost perdere → perso
to make → made fare → fatto
to meet → met incontrare → incontrato
to milk→ milked mungere → munto
to miss → missed mancare → mancato-i a e
to mount → mounted montare → montato
to move → moved muovere → mosso
to need → needed bisognare → bisognato
to need → needed occorrere → occorso
to neglect→ neglected negligere → negletto
to obtain → obtained ottenenere → ottenuto
to offend → offended offendere → offeso
to offer → offered offrire → offerto
to offer → offered porgere → porto
to omit → omitted omettere → omesso
to open → opened aprire → aperto
to open → opened schiudere → schiuso
to oppose → opposed opporre → opposto
to oppress → oppressed opprimere → oppresso
to overtake → overtaken raggiungere → raggiunto
to overturn → overtaken sconvolgere → sconvolso
to paint → painted dipingere → dipinto
to paint → painted pingere → pinto
to pass → passed passare → passato-i a e
to pass → passed trascorrere → trascorso-i a e
to perceive → perceived scorgere → scorto
to perceive → perceived percepire → percepito
to perish → perished perire → perito-i a e
to permit → permitted permettere → permesso
to persuade → persuaded persuadere → persuaso
to pity → pitied compiangere → compianto
to place → placed porre → posto
to postpone → postponed posporre → posposto
to please → pleased piacere → piaciuto
to pour out → poured out effondere → effuso
to predict → predicted predire → predetto
to prefer → preferred predilegere→ rediletto
to prefer → preferred preporre → preposto
to pour out → poured out effondere → effuso
to prescribe → prescribed prescrivere → prescritto
to presume → presumed presumere → presunto
to pretend → pretended pretendere → preteso
to produce → produced produrre → prodotto
to promise → promised promettere → romesso
to promote → promoted promuovere → promosso
to propose → proposed proporre → proposto
to proscribe → proscribed proscrivere→ proscritto
to protect → protected proteggere → protetto
to proceed from → proceeded provenire → provenuto
to pull → pulled trarre → tratto
to push → pushed sospingere → sospinto
to push → pushed spingere → spinto
to push back → pushed back respingere → respinto
to put → put mettere → messo
to put over → put riporre → riposto
to rain → rained piovere → piovuto
to reach → reached giungere → giunto-i a e
to reach → reached pervenire → pervenuto-i a e
to read → read leggere → letto
to rebel → rebelled ribellare → ribellato-i a e
to rebel → rebelled insorgere → insorto-i a e
to receive → received accogliere → accolto
to recognize recognized riconoscere → riconosciuto
to redeem → redeemed redimere → redento
to reduce → reduced ridurre → ridotto
to refract → refracted rifrangere → rifratto
to regret → regretted rimpiangere → rimpianto
to regret → regretted rincrescere → rincresciuto-i a e
to remain → remained rimanere → rimasto- i a e
to remove → removed smuovere → smosso
to render → rendered rendere → reso
to repent → repented ravvedere → ravviso-i a e
to replace → replaced rimettere → rimesso
to repress → repressed reprimere → represso
to reproduce → reproduced riprodurre → riprodotto
to request → requested richiedere → richiesto
to require → required abbisognare → abbisognato
to resolve → resolved risolvere → risolto
to result → resulted risultare → risultato
to restrain → restrained rattenere → rattenuto
to restrain → restrained ristringere → ristretto
to result → resulted risultare → risultato-i a e
to retain → retained ritenere → ritenuto
to retake → retaken riprendere → ripreso
to return → returned ritornare → ritornato-i a e
to return → returned tornare → tornado-i a e
to reveal → revealed trasparire → trasparso
to ripen → ripened maturare → matrurato-i a e
to rise → risen alzare → alzato
to rise → risen sorgere → sorto-i a e
to rise up → risen up risorgere → risorto-i a e
to root out → roted out svellere → svelto
to rule → ruled reggere → retto
to run → ran correre → corso
to run again → ran again ricorrere → ricorso
to ruin → ruined rovinare → rovinato
to run over → run over percorrere → percorso
to run through → ran through trafiggere → trafitto
to run toward → ran toward accorrere → accorso-i a e
to say → said dire → ditto
to say again → said again ridire → ridetto
to scatter → scattered spargere → sparso
to see → seen vedere → veduto
to see again → seen again rivedere → riveduto
to see through → seen through travedere → travisto
to seem → seemed parere → parso-i a e
to seem → seemed sembrare → sembrare
to select → selected scegliere → scelto
to semi close → semi closed socchiudere → socchiuso
to separate → separated scindere → scisso
to set → set tramontare → tramontato-i a e
to set out → set out partire → partito-i a e
to shake → shaken scuotere → scosso
to shave → shaved radere → raso
to slide → slid scivolare → scivolato-i a e
to slide → slid sdrucciolare sdrucciolato-i a e
to smile → smiled sorridere → sorriso
to snow → snowed nevicare → nevicato
to solve → solved solvere → soluto
to spend → spent spendere → speso
to spend → spent trascorrere → trascorso
to split → split fendere → fesso
to stand → stood stare → stato- i a e
to start → started incominciare → incominciato
to stay → stayed stare → stato-i a e
to stick → stuck affiggere → affisso
to sting → stung pungere → punto
to spread → spread spandere → spanto
to squeeze → squeezed stringere → stretto
to stretch → stretched distendere → disteso
to stretch → stretched stendere → steso
to strike → struck incutere → incusso
to stumble → stumbled inciampare → inciampato-i a e
to submerge → submerged sommergere → sommerso
to submit → submitted sottomettere → sottomesso-i a e
to submit → submitted sottostare → sottostato-i a e
to succeed → succeeded riuscire → riuscito-i a e
to suffer → suffered soffrire → sofferto
to suffice → sufficed bastare → bastato-i a e
to support → supported reggere → retto
to support → supported sostenere → sostenuto
to suppose → supposed supporre → supposto
to suppress → suppressed supprimere → compresso
to surprise → surprised sorprendere → sorpreso
to survive → survived sopravvivere sopravvissuto-i e
to suspend → suspended sospendere → sospeso
to swell → swollen gonfiare → gonfiato
to take → taken prendere → preso
to take away → taken away togliere → tolto
to talk → talked discorrere → discorso
to tend → tended tendere → teso
to terminate → terminated terminare → terminato
to transcribe → transcribed trascrivere → trascritto
to transmit → transmitted trasmettere → trasmesso
to translate → translated tradurre → tradotto
to tumble → tumbled capitombolare capitom-
bolato-i a e
to turn → turned volgere → volto
to turn → turned tornare → tornado-i a e
to turn to → turned to rivolgere → rivolto
to twist → twisted scontorcere → scontorto
to twist → twisted storcere → torto
to understand → understood intendere → inteso
to undertake → undertaken intraprendere → intrapeso
to undue → undone disfare → disfatto
to unfold → unfolded svolgere → svolto
to untie → untied disciogliere → disciolto
to utter → uttered proferire → proferito
to vanish → vanished svnaire → svanito-i a e
to want → wanted volere → voluto
to waste away → wasted away deperire → deperito-i a e
to weaken → weakened indebolire → indebolito
to weep → wept piangere → pianto
to whiten → whitened imbiancare → imbiancato
to wither → withered appassire → appassito-i a e
to wither → withered sbiadire → sbiadito-i a e
to win → won vincere → vinto
to worsen → worsened peggiorare → peggiorato
to worsen → worsened peggiorare → peggiorato-i a e
to wrap → wrapped involgere → involto
to wrap up → wrapped up ravvolgere → ravvolto
to wring → wrung rattorcere → rattorto
to write → written scrivere → scritto
to yawn → yawned sbadigliare → sbadigliato