# Theory EquivClass1

theory EquivClass1
imports EquivClass func_ZF
(*     This file is a part of IsarMathLib -     a library of formalized mathematics written for Isabelle/Isar.    Copyright (C) 2005-2008  Slawomir Kolodynski    This program is free software; Redistribution and use in source and binary forms,     with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or    other materials provided with the distribution.   3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.*)header{*\isaheader{EquivClass1.thy}*}theory EquivClass1 imports EquivClass func_ZF ZF1begintext{*In this theory file we extend the  work on equivalence relations   done in the standard Isabelle's EquivClass theory. That development  is very good and all, but we really would prefer an approach contained within  the a standard ZF set theory, without extensions specific to Isabelle.  That is why this theory is written.  *}section{*Congruent functions and projections on the quotient*}text{*Suppose we have a set $X$ with a relation   $r\subseteq X\times X$ and a function $f: X\rightarrow X$.   The function $f$ can be compatible (congruent) with $r$ in the sense that  if two elements $x,y$ are related then the values $f(x), f(x)$   are also related. This is especially useful if $r$ is an   equivalence relation as it allows to "project" the function  to the quotient space $X/r$ (the set of equivalence classes of $r$)  and create a new function $F$ that satifies the formula  $F([x]_r) = [f(x)]_r$. When $f$ is congruent with respect   to $r$ such definition of the value of $F$ on the equivalence class  $[x]_r$ does not depend on which $x$ we choose to represent the class.  In this section we also consider binary operations that are congruent  with respect to a relation. These are important in algebra - the  congruency condition allows to project the operation   to obtain the operation on the quotient space.   *}text{*First we define the notion of function that maps equivalent   elements to equivalent values. We use similar names as  in the Isabelle's standard @{text "EquivClass"} theory to indicate   the conceptual correspondence of the notions. *}definition  "Congruent(r,f) ≡  (∀x y. ⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r  --> ⟨f(x),f(y)⟩ ∈ r)"text{* Now we will define the projection of  a function onto the quotient space. In standard math the equivalence class  of $x$ with respect to relation $r$ is usually denoted $[x]_r$. Here we reuse  notation $r\{ x\}$ instead. This means the image of the set $\{ x\}$   with respect to the relation, which, for equivalence relations is   exactly its equivalence class if you think about it.*}definition  "ProjFun(A,r,f) ≡  {⟨c,\<Union>x∈c. r{f(x)}⟩. c ∈ (A//r)}";text{*Elements of equivalence classes belong to the set.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L1:   assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "C ∈ A//r" and A3: "x∈C"  shows "x∈A"proof -;  from A2 have "C ⊆ \<Union> (A//r)" by auto;  with A1 A3 show "x∈A"    using Union_quotient by auto;qed;text{*The image of a subset of $X$ under projection is a subset  of $A/r$.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L1A:   assumes "A⊆X" shows "{r{x}. x∈A} ⊆ X//r"  using assms quotientI by auto;text{*If an element belongs to an equivalence class, then its image  under relation is this equivalence class.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L2:   assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)"  "C ∈ A//r" and A2: "x∈C"  shows "r{x} = C"proof -;  from A1 A2 have "x ∈ r{x}"     using EquivClass_1_L1  equiv_class_self by simp;  with A2 have I: "r{x}∩C ≠ 0" by auto;  from A1 A2 have "r{x} ∈ A//r"    using EquivClass_1_L1 quotientI by simp;  with A1 I show ?thesis    using quotient_disj by blast;qed;      text{*Elements that belong to the same equivalence class are equivalent.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L2A:  assumes "equiv(A,r)"  "C ∈ A//r"  "x∈C"  "y∈C"  shows "⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r"   using assms EquivClass_1_L2 EquivClass_1_L1 equiv_class_eq_iff  by simp;text{*Every $x$ is in the class of $y$, then they are equivalent.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L2B:   assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "y∈A" and A3: "x ∈ r{y}"  shows "⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r"proof -;  from A2 have  "r{y} ∈ A//r"    using quotientI by simp;  with A1 A3 show ?thesis using    EquivClass_1_L1 equiv_class_self equiv_class_nondisjoint by blast;qed;  text{*If a function is congruent then the equivalence classes of the values  that come from the arguments from the same class are the same.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L3:   assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "Congruent(r,f)"   and A3: "C ∈ A//r"  "x∈C"  "y∈C"   shows "r{f(x)} = r{f(y)}"proof -;  from A1 A3 have "⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r"    using EquivClass_1_L2A by simp;  with A2 have  "⟨f(x),f(y)⟩ ∈ r"    using Congruent_def by simp;  with A1 show ?thesis using equiv_class_eq by simpqed;text{*The values of congruent functions are in the space.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L4:  assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "C ∈ A//r"  "x∈C"  and A3: "Congruent(r,f)"  shows "f(x) ∈ A"proof -;  from A1 A2 have "x∈A";    using EquivClass_1_L1 by simp;  with A1 have "⟨x,x⟩ ∈ r"    using equiv_def refl_def by simp;  with A3 have  "⟨f(x),f(x)⟩ ∈ r"    using Congruent_def by simp;  with A1 show ?thesis using equiv_type by auto;qed;text{*Equivalence classes are not empty.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L5:   assumes A1: "refl(A,r)" and A2: "C ∈ A//r"  shows "C≠0"proof -;  from A2 obtain x where I: "C = r{x}" and "x∈A"    using quotient_def by auto;  from A1 x∈A have "x ∈ r{x}" using refl_def by auto;  with I show ?thesis by auto;qed;  text{*To avoid using an axiom of choice, we define the projection using   the expression $\bigcup _{x\in C} r(\{f(x)\})$.   The next lemma shows that for  congruent function this is in the quotient space $A/r$. *}lemma EquivClass_1_L6:  assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "Congruent(r,f)"   and A3: "C ∈ A//r"  shows "(\<Union>x∈C. r{f(x)}) ∈ A//r"proof -  from A1 have "refl(A,r)" unfolding equiv_def by simp;  with A3 have "C≠0" using EquivClass_1_L5 by simp;  moreover from A2 A3 A1 have "∀x∈C. r{f(x)} ∈ A//r"    using EquivClass_1_L4 quotientI by auto;  moreover from A1 A2 A3 have     "∀x y. x∈C ∧ y∈C --> r{f(x)} = r{f(y)}"     using EquivClass_1_L3 by blast;  ultimately show ?thesis by (rule ZF1_1_L2);qed;text{*Congruent functions can be projected.*}lemma EquivClass_1_T0:   assumes "equiv(A,r)"  "Congruent(r,f)"  shows "ProjFun(A,r,f) : A//r -> A//r"  using assms EquivClass_1_L6 ProjFun_def ZF_fun_from_total  by simp;  text{*We now define congruent functions of two variables (binary funtions).   The predicate @{text "Congruent2"} corresponds to @{text "congruent2"}   in Isabelle's standard @{text "EquivClass"} theory,   but uses ZF-functions rather than meta-functions. *}definition  "Congruent2(r,f) ≡  (∀x⇩1 x⇩2 y⇩1 y⇩2. ⟨x⇩1,x⇩2⟩ ∈ r ∧ ⟨y⇩1,y⇩2⟩ ∈ r  -->   ⟨f⟨x⇩1,y⇩1⟩, f⟨x⇩2,y⇩2⟩ ⟩ ∈ r)"text{*Next we define the notion of projecting a binary operation  to the quotient space. This is a very important concept that  allows to define quotient groups, among other things. *}definition   "ProjFun2(A,r,f) ≡  {⟨p,\<Union> z ∈ fst(p)×snd(p). r{f(z)}⟩. p ∈ (A//r)×(A//r) }";text{*The following lemma is a two-variables equivalent   of @{text "EquivClass_1_L3"}.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L7:   assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "Congruent2(r,f)"  and A3: "C⇩1 ∈ A//r"  "C⇩2 ∈ A//r"   and A4: "z⇩1 ∈ C⇩1×C⇩2"  "z⇩2 ∈ C⇩1×C⇩2"  shows "r{f(z⇩1)} = r{f(z⇩2)}"proof -;  from A4 obtain x⇩1 y⇩1 x⇩2 y⇩2 where     "x⇩1∈C⇩1" and "y⇩1∈C⇩2" and "z⇩1 = ⟨x⇩1,y⇩1⟩" and     "x⇩2∈C⇩1" and "y⇩2∈C⇩2" and "z⇩2 = ⟨x⇩2,y⇩2⟩"     by auto;  with A1 A3 have "⟨x⇩1,x⇩2⟩ ∈ r" and "⟨y⇩1,y⇩2⟩ ∈ r"    using EquivClass_1_L2A by auto;  with A2 have "⟨f⟨x⇩1,y⇩1⟩,f⟨x⇩2,y⇩2⟩⟩ ∈ r"    using Congruent2_def by simp;  with A1 z⇩1 = ⟨x⇩1,y⇩1⟩ z⇩2 = ⟨x⇩2,y⇩2⟩ show ?thesis     using equiv_class_eq by simp;qed;text{*The values of congruent functions of two variables are in the space.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L8:  assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "C⇩1 ∈ A//r" and A3: "C⇩2 ∈ A//r"  and A4: "z ∈ C⇩1×C⇩2" and A5: "Congruent2(r,f)"  shows "f(z) ∈ A"proof -;  from A4 obtain x y where "x∈C⇩1" and "y∈C⇩2" and "z = ⟨x,y⟩"      by auto;  with A1 A2 A3 have "x∈A" and "y∈A"     using EquivClass_1_L1 by auto;  with A1 A4 have "⟨x,x⟩ ∈ r" and "⟨y,y⟩ ∈ r"    using equiv_def refl_def by auto;  with A5 have "⟨f⟨x,y⟩, f⟨x,y⟩ ⟩ ∈ r"    using Congruent2_def by simp;  with A1 z = ⟨x,y⟩ show ?thesis using equiv_type by auto;qed;text{*The values of congruent functions are in the space. Note that  although this lemma is intended to be used with functions, we don't  need to assume that $f$ is a function.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L8A:  assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "x∈A"  "y∈A"  and A3: "Congruent2(r,f)"  shows "f⟨x,y⟩ ∈ A"proof -  from A1 A2 have "r{x} ∈ A//r" "r{y} ∈ A//r"     "⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r{x}×r{y}"    using equiv_class_self quotientI by auto;  with A1 A3 show ?thesis using EquivClass_1_L8 by simp;qed;  text{*The following lemma is a two-variables equivalent of   @{text "EquivClass_1_L6"}.*}lemma EquivClass_1_L9:  assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "Congruent2(r,f)"   and A3: "p ∈ (A//r)×(A//r)"  shows "(\<Union> z ∈ fst(p)×snd(p). r{f(z)}) ∈ A//r"proof -;  from A3 have "fst(p) ∈ A//r" and "snd(p) ∈ A//r"    by auto;  with A1 A2 have     I: "∀z ∈ fst(p)×snd(p). f(z) ∈ A"    using EquivClass_1_L8 by simp;  from A3 A1 have "fst(p)×snd(p) ≠ 0"     using equiv_def EquivClass_1_L5 Sigma_empty_iff    by auto;  moreover from A1 I have     "∀z ∈ fst(p)×snd(p). r{f(z)} ∈ A//r"    using quotientI by simp;  moreover from A1 A2 fst(p) ∈ A//r snd(p) ∈ A//r have    "∀z⇩1 z⇩2. z⇩1 ∈ fst(p)×snd(p) ∧ z⇩2 ∈ fst(p)×snd(p) -->     r{f(z⇩1)} = r{f(z⇩2)}"    using EquivClass_1_L7 by blast;   ultimately show ?thesis by (rule ZF1_1_L2);qed;text{*Congruent functions of two variables can be projected.*}theorem EquivClass_1_T1:   assumes "equiv(A,r)"  "Congruent2(r,f)"  shows "ProjFun2(A,r,f) : (A//r)×(A//r) -> A//r"  using assms EquivClass_1_L9 ProjFun2_def ZF_fun_from_total   by simp;(*text{*We define the projection on the quotient space as a function that takes  an element of $A$ and assigns its equivalence class in $A/r$.*}constdefs  "Proj(A,r) ≡ {<x,c> ∈ A×(A//r). r{x} = c}"*)text{*The projection diagram commutes. I wish I knew how to draw this diagram  in LaTeX. *}lemma EquivClass_1_L10:   assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "Congruent2(r,f)"   and A3: "x∈A"  "y∈A"  shows "ProjFun2(A,r,f)⟨r{x},r{y}⟩ = r{f⟨x,y⟩}"proof -;  from A3 A1 have "r{x} × r{y} ≠ 0"    using quotientI equiv_def EquivClass_1_L5 Sigma_empty_iff    by auto;  moreover have     "∀z ∈ r{x}×r{y}.  r{f(z)} = r{f⟨x,y⟩}"  proof;    fix z assume A4: "z ∈ r{x}×r{y}"    from A1 A3 have       "r{x} ∈ A//r" "r{y} ∈ A//r"      "⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r{x}×r{y}"      using quotientI equiv_class_self by auto;    with A1 A2 A4 show      "r{f(z)} = r{f⟨x,y⟩}"      using EquivClass_1_L7 by blast;  qed;  ultimately have     "(\<Union>z ∈ r{x}×r{y}. r{f(z)}) =  r{f⟨x,y⟩}"    by (rule ZF1_1_L1);  moreover have     "ProjFun2(A,r,f)⟨r{x},r{y}⟩ = (\<Union>z ∈ r{x}×r{y}. r{f(z)})"    proof -      from assms have 	"ProjFun2(A,r,f) : (A//r)×(A//r) -> A//r"	"⟨r{x},r{y}⟩ ∈ (A//r)×(A//r)"	using EquivClass_1_T1 quotientI by auto;      then show ?thesis using ProjFun2_def ZF_fun_from_tot_val	by auto;    qed;  ultimately show ?thesis by simp;qed;section{*Projecting commutative, associative and distributive operations.*}text{*In this section we show that if the operations are congruent with  respect to an equivalence relation then the projection to the quotient   space preserves commutativity, associativity and distributivity.*}text{*The projection of commutative operation is commutative.*}lemma EquivClass_2_L1: assumes   A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "Congruent2(r,f)"  and A3: "f {is commutative on} A"  and A4: "c1 ∈ A//r"  "c2 ∈ A//r"  shows "ProjFun2(A,r,f)⟨c1,c2⟩ = ProjFun2(A,r,f)⟨c2,c1⟩"proof -;  from A4 obtain x y where D1:    "c1 = r{x}"  "c2 = r{y}"    "x∈A"  "y∈A"    using quotient_def by auto;  with A1 A2 have "ProjFun2(A,r,f)⟨c1,c2⟩ = r{f⟨x,y⟩}"    using EquivClass_1_L10 by simp;  also from A3 D1 have    "r{f⟨x,y⟩} = r{f⟨y,x⟩}"    using IsCommutative_def by simp;  also from A1 A2 D1 have    "r{f⟨y,x⟩} = ProjFun2(A,r,f) ⟨c2,c1⟩"    using EquivClass_1_L10 by simp;  finally show ?thesis by simp;qed;text{*The projection of commutative operation is commutative.*}theorem EquivClass_2_T1:  assumes "equiv(A,r)" and "Congruent2(r,f)"  and "f {is commutative on} A"  shows "ProjFun2(A,r,f) {is commutative on} A//r"  using assms IsCommutative_def EquivClass_2_L1 by simp;    text{*The projection of an associative operation is associative.*}lemma EquivClass_2_L2:   assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "Congruent2(r,f)"  and A3: "f {is associative on} A"  and A4: "c1 ∈ A//r"  "c2 ∈ A//r"  "c3 ∈ A//r"  and A5: "g = ProjFun2(A,r,f)"  shows "g⟨g⟨c1,c2⟩,c3⟩ = g⟨c1,g⟨c2,c3⟩⟩"proof -  from A4 obtain x y z where D1:    "c1 = r{x}"  "c2 = r{y}"  "c3 = r{z}"    "x∈A"  "y∈A"  "z∈A"    using quotient_def by auto;  with A3 have T1:"f⟨x,y⟩ ∈ A"  "f⟨y,z⟩ ∈ A"    using IsAssociative_def apply_type by auto;  with A1 A2 D1 A5 have     "g⟨g⟨c1,c2⟩,c3⟩ =  r{f⟨f⟨x,y⟩,z⟩}"    using EquivClass_1_L10 by simp;  also from D1 A3 have     "… = r{f⟨x,f⟨y,z⟩ ⟩}"    using IsAssociative_def by simp;  also from T1 A1 A2 D1 A5 have    "… = g⟨c1,g⟨c2,c3⟩⟩"    using EquivClass_1_L10 by simp;  finally show ?thesis by simp;qed;text{*The projection of an associative operation is associative on the  quotient.*}theorem EquivClass_2_T2:  assumes A1: "equiv(A,r)" and A2: "Congruent2(r,f)"  and A3: "f {is associative on} A"  shows "ProjFun2(A,r,f) {is associative on} A//r"proof -;  let ?g = "ProjFun2(A,r,f)"  from A1 A2 have     "?g ∈ (A//r)×(A//r) -> A//r"    using EquivClass_1_T1 by simp;  moreover from A1 A2 A3 have    "∀c1 ∈ A//r.∀c2 ∈ A//r.∀c3 ∈ A//r.    ?g⟨?g⟨c1,c2⟩,c3⟩ = ?g⟨c1,?g⟨c2,c3⟩⟩"    using EquivClass_2_L2 by simp;  ultimately show ?thesis    using IsAssociative_def by simp;qed;text{*The essential condition to show that distributivity is preserved by   projections to quotient spaces, provided both operations are congruent  with respect to the equivalence relation.*}lemma EquivClass_2_L3:   assumes A1: "IsDistributive(X,A,M)"  and A2: "equiv(X,r)"   and A3: "Congruent2(r,A)" "Congruent2(r,M)"  and A4: "a ∈ X//r"  "b ∈ X//r"  "c ∈ X//r"  and A5: "A⇩p = ProjFun2(X,r,A)" "M⇩p = ProjFun2(X,r,M)"  shows "M⇩p⟨a,A⇩p⟨b,c⟩⟩ = A⇩p⟨ M⇩p⟨a,b⟩,M⇩p⟨a,c⟩⟩ ∧   M⇩p⟨ A⇩p⟨b,c⟩,a ⟩ = A⇩p⟨ M⇩p⟨b,a⟩, M⇩p⟨c,a⟩⟩"proof;  from A4 obtain x y z where "x∈X"  "y∈X"  "z∈X"    "a = r{x}"  "b = r{y}"  "c = r{z}"       using quotient_def by auto;  with A1 A2 A3 A5 show     "M⇩p⟨a,A⇩p⟨b,c⟩⟩ = A⇩p⟨ M⇩p⟨a,b⟩,M⇩p⟨a,c⟩⟩" and    "M⇩p⟨ A⇩p⟨b,c⟩,a ⟩ = A⇩p⟨ M⇩p⟨b,a⟩, M⇩p⟨c,a⟩⟩"      using EquivClass_1_L8A EquivClass_1_L10 IsDistributive_def    by auto;qed;text{*Distributivity is preserved by   projections to quotient spaces, provided both operations are congruent  with respect to the equivalence relation.*}lemma EquivClass_2_L4: assumes A1: "IsDistributive(X,A,M)"  and A2: "equiv(X,r)"   and A3: "Congruent2(r,A)" "Congruent2(r,M)"  shows "IsDistributive(X//r,ProjFun2(X,r,A),ProjFun2(X,r,M))"proof-; let ?A⇩p = "ProjFun2(X,r,A)"  let ?M⇩p = "ProjFun2(X,r,M)" from A1 A2 A3 have   "∀a∈X//r.∀b∈X//r.∀c∈X//r.   ?M⇩p⟨a,?A⇩p⟨b,c⟩⟩ = ?A⇩p⟨?M⇩p⟨a,b⟩,?M⇩p⟨a,c⟩⟩ ∧    ?M⇩p⟨?A⇩p⟨b,c⟩,a⟩ = ?A⇩p⟨?M⇩p⟨b,a⟩,?M⇩p⟨c,a⟩⟩"   using EquivClass_2_L3 by simp; then show ?thesis using IsDistributive_def by simp;qed;section{*Saturated sets*}text{* In this section we consider sets that are saturated   with respect to an equivalence  relation. A set $A$ is saturated with respect to a relation   $r$ if $A=r^{-1}(r(A))$.   For equivalence relations saturated sets are unions of equivalence classes.  This makes them useful as a tool to define subsets of   the quoutient space using properties  of representants. Namely, we often define a set   $B\subseteq X/r$ by saying that  $[x]_r \in B$ iff $x\in A$.   If $A$ is a saturated set, this definition is consistent in   the sense that it does not depend on the choice of $x$ to   represent $[x]_r$. *}text{*The following defines the notion of a saturated set.   Recall that in Isabelle   @{text "r-(A)"} is the inverse image of $A$ with respect to relation $r$.   This definition is not specific to equivalence relations.*}definition  "IsSaturated(r,A) ≡ A = r-(r(A))"text{*For equivalence relations a set is saturated iff it is an image   of itself.*}lemma EquivClass_3_L1: assumes A1: "equiv(X,r)"  shows "IsSaturated(r,A) <-> A = r(A)"proof;  assume "IsSaturated(r,A)"  then have "A = (converse(r) O r)(A)"    using IsSaturated_def vimage_def image_comp    by simp;  also from A1 have "… = r(A)"    using equiv_comp_eq by simp;  finally show "A = r(A)" by simp;next assume "A = r(A)"  with A1 have "A = (converse(r) O r)(A)"    using equiv_comp_eq by simp;  also have "… =  r-(r(A))"    using vimage_def image_comp by simp;  finally have "A =  r-(r(A))" by simp;  then show "IsSaturated(r,A)" using IsSaturated_def    by simp;qed;  text{*For equivalence relations sets are contained in their images.*} lemma EquivClass_3_L2: assumes A1: "equiv(X,r)" and A2: "A⊆X"  shows "A ⊆ r(A)"proof  fix a assume "a∈A"  with A1 A2 have "a ∈ r{a}"    using equiv_class_self by auto;  with a∈A show "a ∈ r(A)" by auto;qed;  text{*The next lemma shows that if "$\sim$"   is an equivalence relation and a set   $A$ is such that $a\in A$ and $a\sim b$ implies $b\in A$, then  $A$ is saturated with respect to the relation.*}lemma EquivClass_3_L3: assumes A1: "equiv(X,r)"  and A2: "r ⊆ X×X" and A3: "A⊆X"  and A4: "∀x∈A. ∀y∈X. ⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r --> y∈A"  shows "IsSaturated(r,A)"proof -  from A2 A4 have "r(A) ⊆ A"    using image_iff by blast;  moreover from A1 A3 have "A ⊆ r(A)"    using EquivClass_3_L2 by simp;  ultimately have "A = r(A)" by auto;  with A1 show "IsSaturated(r,A)" using EquivClass_3_L1    by simp;qed;text{*If $A\subseteq X$ and $A$ is saturated and $x\sim y$, then $x\in A$ iff  $y\in A$. Here we show only one direction.*}lemma EquivClass_3_L4: assumes A1: "equiv(X,r)"  and A2: "IsSaturated(r,A)" and A3: "A⊆X"  and A4: "⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r"   and A5: "x∈X"  "y∈A"  shows "x∈A"proof -  from A1 A5 have "x ∈ r{x}"    using equiv_class_self by simp;  with A1 A3 A4 A5 have "x ∈ r(A)"    using equiv_class_eq equiv_class_self    by auto;  with A1 A2 show "x∈A"    using EquivClass_3_L1 by simp;qed;text{*If $A\subseteq X$ and $A$ is saturated and $x\sim y$, then $x\in A$ iff  $y\in A$.*}lemma EquivClass_3_L5: assumes A1: "equiv(X,r)"  and A2: "IsSaturated(r,A)" and A3: "A⊆X"  and A4: "x∈X"  "y∈X"  and A5: "⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r"  shows "x∈A <-> y∈A"proof  assume "y∈A"   with assms show "x∈A" using EquivClass_3_L4    by simp;next assume "x∈A"  from A1 A5 have "⟨y,x⟩ ∈ r"    using equiv_is_sym by blast;  with A1 A2 A3 A4 x∈A show "y∈A"    using EquivClass_3_L4 by simp;qed;  text{*If $A$ is saturated then $x\in A$ iff its class is in the projection   of $A$.*}lemma EquivClass_3_L6: assumes A1: "equiv(X,r)"  and A2: "IsSaturated(r,A)" and A3: "A⊆X" and A4: "x∈X"  and A5: "B = {r{x}. x∈A}"  shows "x∈A <-> r{x} ∈ B"proof  assume "x∈A"  with A5 show "r{x} ∈ B" by auto;next assume "r{x} ∈ B"  with A5 obtain y where "y ∈ A" and "r{x} = r{y}"    by auto;  with A1 A3 have "⟨x,y⟩ ∈ r"    using eq_equiv_class by auto;  with A1 A2 A3 A4  y ∈ A show "x∈A"    using EquivClass_3_L4 by simp;qed;text{*A technical lemma involving a projection of a saturated set and a   logical epression with exclusive or. Note that we don't really care   what @{text "Xor"} is here, this is true for any predicate. *}lemma EquivClass_3_L7: assumes "equiv(X,r)"  and "IsSaturated(r,A)" and "A⊆X"  and "x∈X"  "y∈X"  and "B = {r{x}. x∈A}"  and "(x∈A) Xor (y∈A)"  shows "(r{x} ∈ B)  Xor (r{y} ∈ B)"  using assms EquivClass_3_L6 by simp;    end